If you start Rosegarden without Jack, you should get just midi channels, it shouldn't crash. However, as a test you can try to start jack with the following code:
jackd -d alsa
then start Rosegarden (note this will not give jack realtime priority, but first let's try to get the thing to run without crashing).
The last message
( CREATED OUTPUT PORT 3: out 1 - MIDI external device 0
Connecting my port 3 to 16:0 on initialisation )
seems to indicate that something goes wrong when it tries to connect midi ports.
This person seems to have a similar problem, but no real answer. It suggests trying another sequencer program, and see if that crashes too (muse is in the repo). I'm not quite sure what you'd gain from knowing that though

. If the problem is with alsa sequencer, the only thing I can think of would be to upgrade alsa-driver, alsa-lib and alsa-utils. I can give no guarantees it will work though, but it might be worth trying.
Since this problem doesn't occur for me and others I can only guess alsa doesn't like your soundcard an awful lot (or the other way around). Did rosegarden work for you on other Linux distributions?